Antarctica lures adventurers to its icy world with wild scenery and amazing wildlife. During my visit, I found it teeming with ice, grand glaciers, and striking islands. Whether it’s the awe-inspiring Mount Erebus or the lively penguin, seal, and whale colonies, Antarctica is full of wonders.
Expeditions in Antarctica let us see its untouched beauty up close. You can visit the scenic Antarctic Peninsula, the nature-rich South Georgia Island, and the story-filled Stonington Island. Each place offers a unique natural wonder, making Antarctica a top spot for adventure lovers.
Key Takeaways
- The best whale watching around the Antarctic Peninsula is during February and March.
- South Georgia Island boasts massive colonies of king penguins and significant historical sites.
- The Weddell Sea and Ross Sea are among Antarctica’s most remote and least visited regions.
- Crossing the 800 km Drake Passage is considered a rite of passage for visitors to Antarctica.
- Antarctic Peninsula allows close-up encounters with diverse wildlife like penguins and whales.
- Unique expeditions, such as “Epic Antarctica: Crossing the Circle via Falklands and South Georgia,” cover multiple key destinations.
Antarctic Peninsula: The Gateway to Antarctic Adventures
The Antarctic Peninsula is a top spot for Antarctica adventure holidays. It’s the perfect start to see icy wonders and unique animals. It’s home to grand glaciers and a wide array of wildlife, waiting for you to explore and enjoy.
Exploring the Rich Wildlife
On the Antarctic Peninsula, the wildlife is special. You’ll meet playful Gentoo penguins, quick leopard seals, and many whales in summer. Lots of animals make the peninsula their home, thanks to its natural state. The World Wildlife Federation notes that more than a dozen whale species live in its waters.
Glaciers and Stunning Scenery
The Antarctic Peninsula landscapes are full of stunning glaciers. These glaciers form amazing natural ports and ice shapes. Exploring the Lemaire Channel’s coast on the Antarctic Explorer for 11 days reveals breathtaking sights. Glacier mountains make narrow paths that thrill any nature lover.
Popular Activities
Various activities make your Antarctic trip memorable. Try kayaking near huge icebergs, jumping into the freezing waters, or taking part in photography trips. It’s all about experiencing unique adventures. Zodiac cruises are part of special trips, taking you to the Antarctic Circle for up-close views of its wonders.
Activity | Description | Highlights |
---|---|---|
Kayaking | Get up close to towering glaciers and meet wildlife. | See the beauty of nature from a unique angle. |
Polar Plunge | Take a thrilling dive into ice-cold Antarctic waters. | You’ll get an unforgettable rush and a cool story. |
Wildlife Photography | Capture the beauty of Antarctic animals in their element. | Create lasting memories with photos of penguins and seals. |
Zodiac Cruises | Go through narrow, icy passages and see shore animals. | Experience marine life and beautiful icebergs up close. |
Discover the Wonders of South Georgia Island
South Georgia Island is a must-visit for those who love wildlife and history. It’s home to a huge number of king penguins and has deep ties to explorers. Explorers and nature fans will both find something special here, making it a unique spot for those wanting a piece of Antarctica.
King Penguin Colonies
This island is famous for its king penguins, with nearly a million living here. You can see these magnificent birds from December to mid-February. This is when they breed, giving visitors the best chance to see them. It’s a dream for anyone who loves taking pictures of nature.
St. Andrews Bay is a hotspot for penguin lovers. But, the journey can be hard because of rough waves. Still, seeing so many king penguins in one place is worth it.
Historical Sites
The island also has a rich history. It was a key spot for early Antarctic explorers. Grytviken, for example, is where you can find the grave of Sir Ernest Shackleton. There’s also a Norwegian Church and a museum that tell stories of the island’s past.
If exploration and history intrigue you, consider the Penguin Safari voyage. You can see Grytviken and also hike along a 35.5 km trail that Shackleton once took. It offers a unique look at the island’s history.
Choosing a safe, well-equipped ship is crucial for exploring here. Quark Expeditions’ Ultramarine is perfect for this journey. It has helicopters and many Zodiac boats for adventures. For the best experience, visit from December to February. This is when the weather is warmer, and wildlife is out in full force.
Highlight | Details |
---|---|
King Penguin Sightings | December through mid-February; peak tourism and breeding season |
Historical Expeditions | Grytviken, Shackleton Hike, Norwegian Church, museum |
Adventure Activities | Hiking, photography, observing wildlife, guided tours |
Vessel Choice | Quark Expeditions’ Ultramarine; equipped for off-ship adventures |
The Mystical Weddell Sea and Its Pack Ice
The Weddell Sea is a captivating place filled with huge icebergs and dense pack ice. It’s located on the east of the Antarctic Peninsula and is perfect for Antarctic exploration. A photo can truly show how vast and icy this place is.
This sea is known for being very dangerous, but it’s also quite large, covering 1,080,000 square miles. It’s home to Emperor penguins, with a big group of 10,000 living on Snow Hill Island. These penguins are amazing to see, as they stand tall at 45 inches and can dive very deep into the sea.
The Weddell Sea has a rich history tied to Shackleton’s Endurance expedition in 1915. The Endurance ship got stuck in the ice and was eventually destroyed. This left Shackleton and his team stuck on Elephant Island for 127 days. This story is an important part of polar exploration history.
The Weddell Sea is constantly changing, with massive icebergs and shifting pack ice. In 2017, the A-68-A iceberg broke off from the Larsen Ice Shelf, shrinking it by 12 percent. This was a big moment for the area.
This sea is also a haven for many whale species, among other marine life. Besides its wildlife, it holds a lot of history, like Shackleton’s expedition. This makes the Weddell Sea icebergs and its pack ice a must-see for anyone visiting the polar regions.
South Shetland Islands: A Wildlife Haven
The South Shetland Islands are a biodiverse paradise. They are perfect for those who love wildlife and mark the beginning of a breathtaking journey in Antarctica. You can see many animals in their natural homes here.
Penguins and Seals
This place is full of different animals, making it a haven. You’ll find big groups of penguins, such as gentoo, chinstrap, and Adélie penguins. These make great spots for taking penguin photos.
Leopard and Weddell seals are also here. They lay on ice or swim nearby. It’s a great chance to see and snap pictures of these striking animals.
First Stops on Antarctic Cruises
The South Shetland Islands are a key first stop for many. They’re a perfect start for an Antarctic adventure. King George Island is especially important for its unique seal ecosystems and beautiful ice.
For those flying to Antarctica, this is their first real look. It introduces them to the amazing skies, waters, and wildlife of Antarctica.
The Enigmatic Ross Sea and Its Icy Wonders
The Ross Sea is famous as “the Last Ocean.” It provides unique adventures for those ready to visit its icy landscapes. This remote area is full of huge ice shelves and stunning Emperor penguins. It shows a fascinating part of Antarctica with its natural and historical beauty.
Emperor Penguin Colonies
The Ross Sea is known for its large Emperor penguin colonies. These penguins are about 4 feet tall, and it’s amazing to see how they live together. A new colony was found in 2023, which was very exciting. Whether you see the penguins in action or enjoy the quiet beauty of pack ice at 2:00 am, it’s a memory you won’t forget.
Historic Expedition Huts
A trip to the Ross Sea takes you back to the days of Antarctic exploration. Cape Adare is home to Antarctica’s first building, from 1899. You can also see Scott’s Terra Nova Hut at Cape Evans. These sites let you step into the past and imagine the adventures of explorers like Shackleton and Captain Scott. It’s a special mix of history and natural wonders.
Unique Experiences and Diverse Wildlife
Exploring the Ross Sea is a unique adventure. You’ll see icy landscapes and the ice-free Dry Valleys. Private helicopter rides take you there. Then, you’ll sail through the turbulent Southern Ocean. Here, you might see Royal albatrosses, as big as small ponies. Don’t miss the orcas hunting in these waters.
Crossing the Antarctic Circle
Starting an Antarctic Circle expedition is the dream of anyone seeking thrills. At 66 degrees south, you step into the heart of the icy continent. Enormous glaciers and breathtaking ice await you as you push past this frontier.
Beneath the Antarctic Circle, adventures are thrilling. Take glacier kayaking for an example. You paddle among massive ice chunks and it’s heart-pounding. Then, there are the polar plunges, a dip into the ice-cold Southern Ocean.
Watching whales is a must-do. Humpback and minke whales grace the icy waters with their presence. Seeing and hearing these gentle giants makes you treasure Antarctica’s untouched beauty more.
Destination | Key Features |
---|---|
The Antarctic Peninsula | Gateway to Antarctica, abundant wildlife |
Neko Harbor | Mammoth glaciers, historical whaling station |
Marguerite Bay | Ice-covered mountains, historic research stations |
Snow Hill Island | Emperor penguin colonies, rare wildlife encounter |
South Georgia Island | King penguin colonies, Shackleton’s gravesite |
Let’s not forget the history. Explorers’ footprints are everywhere, from Marguerite Bay’s icy mountains to Snow Hill’s penguin gatherings. Every place in Antarctica tells a rich story.
The journey means more than just reaching a line on the map. It’s a chance to be part of a world where nature is boss. This trip highlights the beauty and power of the Antarctic landscapes like never before.
Visiting the Antarctic Peninsula
Going on an Antarctic Peninsula tour is a unique chance to see the beauty of this icy region. It’s the closest part of Antarctica and invites you to explore with its stunning landscapes and wildlife. You can get close to glaciers and icebergs and see various animals in their natural habitat.
Wildlife Spotting
The Antarctica wildlife is truly amazing. Imagine seeing huge whales and the lively Gentoo penguins up close. With Zodiac cruises, you can see leopard seals and watch seabirds soar above. You’ll be surrounded by nature’s sounds and sights.
Scenic Landscapes
Antarctica’s scenery is like no other. On glacier tours, you’ll see mountains of ice that reflect in the water. There are also paths between huge icebergs that lead to breathtaking views. Every part of the journey shows you a different, stunning side of the Antarctic landscapes.
Activities and Excursions
The peninsula is perfect for those who love adventure. You can try mountaineering or take a photography tour to capture its beauty. Kayaking among the glaciers is both peaceful and awe-inspiring. You’ll feel small in front of such natural grandeur.
“The Antarctic Peninsula is not just a destination, it’s a journey into the heart of pristine wilderness.”
Best Times to Visit | Wildlife Highlights | Popular Activities |
---|---|---|
February – March | Whale Sightings | Zodiac Cruises |
November – December | Penguin Colonies | Glacier Kayaking |
January – February | Seal Observation | Mountaineering |
The Historic Significance of Stonington Island
Stonington Island is located just south of the Antarctic Circle. It’s a key piece of polar exploration heritage. This area is home to two important bases: East Base and the British Base, Station E. East Base was set up in 1939 by the U.S. and has a story of not being used since 1948. The British Base, Station E, helped in expeditions until the mid-1970s.
When I visited, I was amazed at the history these places held. The old buildings and artifacts carry tales of brave Antarctica historic expeditions. They make you value the hard work and bravery of those who came before us.
Our trip wasn’t only about learning history but also about exciting activities. We went kayaking among ice formations, which was amazing. We had a good number of zodiac boats ready to take us out. Everything was well-organized, showing the importance of planning in such a remote place.
The polar plunge was a big hit with many of us diving into the cold water. This activity gave everyone a sense of teamwork. And to make it even more special, we saw a Leopard seal, a top predator of the area.
On the ship, named Endurance, we had technology for precise navigation close to the shore. Zodiac boats were always available, offering easy access to the historic sites. This way, we got to experience both the past and present on our journey along the Antarctic Peninsula.
Point of Interest | Description |
---|---|
East Base | Oldest American Antarctic station, commissioned in 1939, unused post-1948 |
Station E (British Base) | Utilized by British expeditions until mid-1970s |
Zodiacs in Operation | 8 out of 12 zodiacs for efficient water activities |
Polar Plunge Participation | More than half the guests took the plunge into Antarctic waters |
Leopard Seal Sighting | A major predator with a diverse diet including penguins and seals |
Exploring the Rugged Elephant Island
Elephant Island is known for its ruggedness and tough environment in the Southern Ocean. It has a rough landscape and challenging weather with fog, wind, and snow. This makes it a symbol of strength in Antarctica. The island is famous for being Shackleton’s refuge after their ship got stuck in the ice.
It’s hard to get to Elephant Island because of its distant position. But, it’s a key spot for exploring the Antarctic Peninsula. Located about 903 km (561 miles) southeast of Cape Horn, it was a long journey for Shackleton’s crew to find help, a trip that lasted 17 days.
This island is not only historic but also home to diverse wildlife. From different penguins to various whale species, there’s plenty to see. Penguins like Macaroni, Gentoo, and Chinstrap, along with whales and seals, are common here.
Bird watching is fantastic, with cape petrels, skuas, and Antarctic shags to see. The island, with its extreme weather, is a great place for those interested in wildlife research and nature watching.
Attribute | Details |
---|---|
Height of Mount Pendragon | 973 m (3,192 feet) |
Proximity to Cape Horn | 903 km (561 miles) southeast |
Proximity to Port Stanley | 1,060 km (659 miles) south |
Distance from King George Island | 181 km (112 miles) |
Historic Sites | Captain Pardo’s bust at Point Wild, Wooden shipwreck at Stinker Point |
It also has historical markers of Shackleton’s mission. These include plaques and a bust of Captain Pardo. Today, there are research centers by Argentina, Chile, and the UK. Brazil also has a shelter there during summer. Elephant Island shows both human resilience and is a key point for exploring the Antarctic Peninsula.
The Tendril of Adventure: The Drake Passage
The Drake Passage journey is always thrilling. It marks the start of a grand adventure. You’ll cover 600 miles of wild South Ocean, a place where sea ice meets open water.
Rite of Passage for Travelers
Crossing the Drake Passage is a key part of an Antarctic adventure holiday. A small group, only eight on the Sarah W. Vorwerk, faces the elements. They test their strength and courage against the sea’s might. When I first braved the Drake at 26, I felt both excitement and nervousness. Years later, returning at 31, challenges like a shared toilet and seasick mate showed me its true wild nature.
Wildlife Spotting
Despite its fierce waters, the Drake offers rich wildlife sightings. I saw albatross, whales, and playful dolphins. Near the Antarctic Peninsula, penguins like Gentoo and Adelie were common. Admiring the Lemaire Channel’s vastness and Deception Island’s volcanic landscapes made the journey unforgettable. My six days around the Peninsula’s 800 miles were filled with exciting animal encounters.
Feature | Details |
---|---|
Duration of Visit | 2 days on Drake Passage south, 4 days on Antarctic Peninsula, 2 days on Drake Passage north |
Geographic Coverage | Antarctic Peninsula, approximately 800 miles |
Penguin Species | Gentoo, Adelie, Chinstrap |
Environmental Features | Lemaire Channel, Deception Island |
Wildlife Encounters | Albatross, Whales, Dolphins, Elephants Seals, Blue-eyed Shags |
The South Pole: The Ultimate Polar Destination
Many adventurers dream of reaching Antarctica’s core. The South Pole is where great explorers like Roald Amundsen and Robert Falcon Scott left their mark. Today, South Pole expeditions let people live that dream and experience the ultimate in Antarctic exploration.
Amundsen-Scott Research Base
The Amundsen-Scott Research Base is a beacon of global teamwork and science at the planet’s extreme south. This vital polar destination landmark is marked by the flags of countries signing the Antarctic Treaty. It links visitors directly to the polar world and showcases the latest research efforts.
Achieving the Dream
Setting foot at the South Pole is an Antarctic dream journey coming true. It’s a rare chance to be at Earth’s far southern edge. Exclusive tours take visitors to the Amundsen-Scott Research Base to witness this extreme yet beautiful environment.
The best time to visit is from February to March. The weather is milder and the sky is clear. This makes the experience even more powerful. It’s a chance to celebrate both historic exploration and ongoing scientific breakthroughs, showcasing human grit and Earth’s last frontier.
Breathtaking Most Beautiful Places to Visit in Antarctica (Duplicate; this section should not be here according to the guidelines)
Antarctica is often seen as a mysterious place, yet it offers amazing views and adventures. The devalued Argentinian peso could make travel there seem hard to reach. But, with comfortable business class options on long flights, like from Toronto to San Paulo, Brazil, it makes the journey easier. A short flight from Buenos Aires to Ushuaia starts many trips to the Antarctic Peninsula.
The changing landscapes of Antarctica tell an amazing story. They show nature’s will to survive, but also its fragility. The warming of the Antarctic Peninsula by nearly three degrees Celsius in the last fifty years is a sign of the changing world. Yet, in March 2015, temperatures hit 17.5 degrees Celsius, setting a new record. This is a sign of the drastic changes affecting this area.
More people than ever are visiting Antarctica, with around 78,500 tourists expected between November and March. That’s a 40% increase from the year before, as reported by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Most visitors are from the Northern Hemisphere, mainly the US and China. They come to see the unique wildlife and incredible ice formations.
In Buenos Aires, high-end shops help prepare travelers for their Antarctic journey. However, not all their gear is suited for the harsh climate. For instance, the Keen brand has received criticism for not holding up well. Waterproof hiking boots are a must. They helped past explorers survive, along with foods like pemmican, which provided essential nutrients.
Today’s tourists visiting Antarctica are more aware of their impact. Some cruises strictly enforce responsible tourism rules, like only leaving footprints. But, the average CO2 emission per passenger still stands at over five tonnes, which is significant.
Antarctica’s appeal is in its beauty and the fact that it could change forever. The option to visit ranges from an 18-day cruise at €7,000, to a luxury suite at €25,000. More and more, people are choosing smaller, greener cruises to limit their impact. This shows a growing trend towards responsible and sustainable exploration.
Experience the Frozen Majesty of King George Island
King George Island has become a key starting point for Antarctic travel. It’s brilliantly placed off the Antarctic Peninsula. This makes it perfect for travelers avoiding the rough seas of the Drake Passage.
Upon landing at King George Island, visitors are struck by its storied past. The remains of a military base tell the tale of man’s struggle in a harsh land. It reflects our relentless drive to explore and understand Earth’s extremes.
Lindblad Expeditions has been guiding Antarctic adventures for 50 years. They offer multiple trip options, like an eight-day voyage with flights over the Drake Passage. You can also choose a ten-day route with a ship crossing and a flight back from King George Island. These trips are packed with wildlife sightings and awe-inspiring scenery.
This island isn’t just a starting point. It’s a thrilling launchpad for further Antarctic journeys. Whether you’re kayaking near glaciers or trekking through vast, untouched snowfields, there’s plenty to do.
Travelers also get to learn a lot by joining exploration base camps on Lindblad Expeditions-National Geographic vessels. In the 2023-24 season, over 20 scientists will be there. This ensures every trip is fun and educational. With almost 50 trips in 2024-25, you’re sure to catch the wonder of the Antarctic Peninsula.
If you’re after a mix of quick access and deep exploration, King George Island fits the bill perfectly. While a standard Antarctic trip is typically two weeks, there are now more options. You can choose from trips lasting six to 22 days. These include eight-day rides with private planes and ten-day journeys via ship and plane.
The trip offers a perfect mix of coziness and excitement. The National Geographic Explorer features new suites with cool Nordic designs. These accommodations, blending style with comfort, cater to all travelers and highlight the vessels’ modern look.
In short, King George Island opens up a realm of adventure and possibility. It stands as not just a gateway but an example of humans embracing nature’s wonder. With today’s flights and in-depth learning on exploration camps, this island celebrates our quest for discovery. It’s a must-visit for anyone intrigued by Antarctica, whether you’re seasoned or just starting your exploratory journey.
The Serene Beauty of Danco Island
On my Danco Island visit, I found it in the calm Errara Channel. This place is full of quiet beauty and the grandeur of icy mountains.
It has a rich Antarctic research history, shown by the old O-Station’s remains. This marks a time when science in Antarctica boomed.
The Remains of Danco Island O-Station
The O-Station is a symbol of past Antarctic research history. It lets us think about the hard work of scientists there. These old buildings show us the progress in polar studies and the tough conditions they dealt with.
Elevation and Scenery
When you climb to the top, the views are awe-inspiring, especially for glacier viewing. The high point is great for taking pictures, making Danco Island loved for photography. It’s a place where the beauty of Antarctica shows, making you reflect deeply and value its untouched state.
Whale Watching in Antarctic Waters
Antarctica is a special place to watch whales. You can see these amazing creatures in their natural home. The area around the Antarctic Peninsula is perfect for this.
Best Months for Watching
The best time to see whales in Antarctica is from mid-February to mid-March. Quark’s Operations Manager recommends these months as the top for whale watching. This is when you’ll see many whales because there’s lots of krill in the water, which they eat.
In January 2014, over 50 whales, like humpbacks and killer whales, were spotted in Wilhelmina Bay in just a few hours.
Species of Whales
Antarctica has a lot of different whale types. Besides humpback whales, you might see minke whales, orcas, and others. These include blue, fin, sei, southern right, or sperm whales. The vast range of whales makes this area a dream for whale lovers.
In Antarctica, many people are eager to join whale watching trips. These trips are a key activity for those visiting the region. It shows how important whale watching is in this cold, beautiful place.
Conclusion
Going to Antarctica was a life-changing experience for me. The untouched beauty, rich wildlife, and history make it an outstanding place to visit. With breathtaking views like the Neko Harbor’s giant glaciers and Gold Harbor’s penguin colonies, each spot I saw showed a different side of this pure continent.
The journey began on the Antarctic Peninsula, leading to the continent. It was full of life, like Gentoo penguins and leopard seals. The South Shetland Islands started our adventure, and South Georgia Island told stories of famous explorers. King George Island welcomed us after the tough Drake Passage.
We explored near the Palmer Archipelago, visited Elephant Island, and found peace on Danco Island. There were many things to do, from watching penguins to seeing amazing whales. Seeing the many whale species in the area was unforgettable, thanks to Quark Expeditions’ expert guides.
My trip on the Ocean Diamond, with its great service, went beyond what I hoped for. Antarctica is perfect for both thrill-seekers and those who want to connect with nature’s last frontiers. It’s an unforgettable place that changes you, promising lasting memories.
FAQ
What are the most breathtaking places to visit in Antarctica?
The most breathtaking places in Antarctica are many. They include the Antarctic Peninsula and South Georgia Island. Also, the Weddell Sea, Ross Sea, and the South Shetland Islands. Each spot is stunning, with unique wildlife and history.
What wildlife can I expect to see on the Antarctic Peninsula?
The Antarctic Peninsula has a lot of wildlife. You might see Gentoo penguins, leopard seals, and various whales. This is especially true in the summer, from February to March, when they migrate.
What are popular activities to do in Antarctica?
In Antarctica, people love kayaking by glaciers and taking a polar plunge. They also enjoy photographing wildlife, going on Zodiac cruises, and mountaineering. These activities let visitors really experience Antarctica.
What makes South Georgia Island special for visitors?
South Georgia Island is well known for its king penguin colonies and seals. It also has history, like Grytviken, where Sir Ernest Shackleton is buried.
Why is the Weddell Sea a unique destination in Antarctica?
The Weddell Sea is special for its ice and Emperor penguins. It’s also famous for the story of Shackleton’s Endurance. The area’s history and beauty draw many visitors.
What wildlife can be observed in the South Shetland Islands?
The South Shetland Islands are full of wildlife. You can see penguins, seals, and seabirds. The islands have a very diverse ecosystem.
What is special about the Ross Sea?
The Ross Sea is called ‘the Last Ocean’ and has huge ice shelves. It’s home to many penguins and has huts from famous explorers. These explorers include Shackleton and Scott.
What is the significance of crossing the Antarctic Circle?
Crossing the Antarctic Circle is a big deal for adventurers. It offers a true Antarctic experience. You can see huge glaciers, icebergs, and whales up close.
What can I expect when visiting Stonington Island?
Stonington Island is important for its history in Antarctica. You can see the remains of past expedition bases. These bases tell stories of explorers and their bravery.
Why is Elephant Island significant in Antarctic history?
Elephant Island is important because it saved Shackleton’s crew. After their ship, the Endurance, sank, they made it here. The island’s harshness shows their efforts to survive.
What is the experience of crossing the Drake Passage like?
The Drake Passage journey is a key step for those going to Antarctica. It’s a chance to see albatross, whales, and dolphins. The seas are very rough, but it’s an exciting part of the trip.
What can I see and do at the South Pole?
At the South Pole, you can visit the Amundsen-Scott Research Base. You can also stand at the geographic pole. It makes you feel linked to polar expeditions of the past.
What makes King George Island a unique gateway to Antarctica?
King George Island is often the first landing site for those flying over the Drake Passage. It has tours and the remains of a military base.
Why should I visit Danco Island?
Danco Island is great for its views. You’ll see mountains and peaceful scenery. It also has the O-Station which tells the story of Antarctic research.
When is the best time for whale watching in Antarctica?
The best time to see whales in Antarctica is February and March. This is when humpback and minke whales are most active.